Entrada final de Blog: Reflexión

Para este curso de nivelación en cuanto a la materia de ingles instrumental me refiero, destaco la buena utilización de los recursos usados en los salones de clases como en los laboratorios a los cuales asistimos, teniendo como exito un aprendizaje adquirido de la mejor forma tecnologica y actual posible, una gran experiencia, dentro del recorrido de la materia pudimos trabajar por primera vez con diccionarios y traductores desde nuestros dispositivos moviles (celulares) siendo esta de gran ayuda ya que en algunas instancias son prohibidos los usos con celulares, aunado a esto comento la grandiosa experiencia ayuda y motivacion brindada por nuestros compañeros de clase los cuales fueron de gran importancia, es importante recalcar la magnifica utilizacion del blog como material fundamental, la creacion de este cuaderno virtual sin duda alguna fue lo mejor de la materia que ya que con esta nueva herramienta podemos plasmar de forma inmediata informacion que puede ser revisada por cualquier estudiante o cualquier persona que desee informarse de cualquier material incluido dentro de estos blog´s haciendo de esto una facilidad para los usuarios de buscar informacion importante.
Despues de haber asistido al curso de ingles instrumental me siento totalmete preparado para enfrentar cualquier texto en ingles y descubris todo los componentes que lo forman ayudandome así a obtener la informacion de la mejor forma posible, de igual forma continuare con estudios en inles que ayuden a perfeccionar mis conocimientos adquiridos, sugiero que para los siguientes cursos se enseñe de forma mas directa el uso del second life para ser usado fuera de los salones de clases y a su vez compartir de manera directa las practicas en el idioma ingles... Ingles Instrumental Material de Excelencia... Thank´s Doris Molero..

TALLER 3 Y 4

Unidad 3
Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming

Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.

Tower of Pisa

 

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in Pisa's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo) after the Cathedral and the Baptistry.
The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the low side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons (16,000 short tons). The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees, but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees. This means that the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from where it would be if the structure were perfectly vertical.
A popular tourist activity is to pose for photographs pretending to "hold up" the leaning tower and preventing it from falling. The illusion is created through the principle of forced perspective.
Construction
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 177 years. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 8, 1173, during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.
In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is actually curved. Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
The seventh floor was completed in 1319. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visual damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.
Architect 

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Bonanno Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast with his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. However recent studies seem to indicate Diotisalvi as the original architect due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa. However, he usually signed his works and there is no signature by him in the bell tower which leads to further speculation.

History following construction

Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannon balls of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass. However, this is considered an apocryphal tale, its only source being Galileo's secretary.

During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. A U.S. Army sergeant was briefly entrusted with the fate of the tower and his decision not to call in an artillery strike kept the tower from being destroyed.
On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the vital role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.

A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilization methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base.

In 1987 the tower was declared as part of the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery and cemetery.

On January 7, 1990, after over two decades of stabilization studies, the tower was closed to the public. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. The final solution to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten the tower to a safer angle, by removing 38 cubic meters (50 cubic yards) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimeters (18 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years.

In May 2008, after the removal of another 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of earth, engineers announced that the Tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated it would be stable for at least 200 years.
   

Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

El topico hablara o explica un tema referente a la torre de Pissa , la cual se encuentra en Italia, motivos arquitectonicos, quien fue su principal diseñador, constructor y cuando fue construida.

¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

la construcción de la torre pissa, la cual sta ubicada en la ciudad de Pissa, Italia.

¿Que palabras se repiten?

Tower, Cathedral, Floor

¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

Cathedral, Base, Displaced, Structure, Vertical, Illusion.

¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

Leaning Tower of Pisa, Tower of Pisa,

¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.

El texto habla sobre la torre inclinada de pissa, que es el campanario de la principal catedral de la ciudad italiana, la misma esta situada detras de la catedral y es la tercera estructura mas anitugua despues de la catedral y el baptisterio, en el año 2008 especificamente en mayo se extrajo 70 toneladas metricas de la tierra , logrando así estabilizarla por lo menos para 200 años. 

Unidad 4
Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from ha ndicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users – the "consumers".
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In free market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in the North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone

In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.
Toil manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.
 

• Marcadores de Definición:  is, refer to, such as, is such as,

B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

Gold Historical Background

Gold has a long and complex history. From gold’s first discovery, it has symbolized wealth and guaranteed power. Gold has caused obsession in men and nations, destroyed some cultures and gave power to others. 
Archaeological digs suggest the use of Gold began in the Middle East where the first known civilizations began. The oldest pieces of gold jewelry Egyptian jewelry were found in the tomb of Queen Zer and that of Queen Pu-abi of Ur in Sumeria and are the oldest examples found of any kind of jewelry in a find from the third millennium BC. Over the centuries, most of the Egyptian tombs were raided, but the tomb of Tutankhamen was discovered undisturbed by modern archaeologists. Inside the largest collection of gold and jewelry in the world was found and included a gold coffin whose quality showed the advanced state of Egyptian craftsmanship and goldworking (second millennium BC).
The Persian Empire, in what is now Iran, made frequent use of Gold in artwork as part of the religion of Zoroastrianism. Persian goldwork is most famous for its animal art, which was modified after the Arabs conquered the area in the 7th century AD.
When Rome began to flourish, the city attracted talented Gold artisans who created gold jewelry of wide variety. The use of gold in Rome later expanded into household items and furniture in the homes of the higher classes. By the third century AD, the citizens of Rome wore necklaces that contained coins with the image of the emperor. As Christianity spread through the European continent, Europeans ceased burying their dead with their jewelry. As a result, few gold items survive from the Middle Ages, except those of royalty and from church hoards.
In the Americas, the skill of Pre-Columbian cultures in the use of Gold was highly advanced long before the arrival of the Spanish. Indian goldsmiths had mastered most of the techniques known by their European contemporaries when the Spanish arrived. They were adept at filigree, granulation, pressing and hammering, inlay and lost-wax methods. The Spanish conquerors melted down most of the gold that they took from the peoples of this region and most of the remaining examples have come from modern excavations of grave sites. The greatest deposits of gold from these times were in the Andes and in Columbia.
During the frontier days of the United States news of the discovery of gold in a region could result in thousands of new settlers, many risking their lives to find gold. Gold rushes occurred in many of the Western States, the most famous occurring in California at Sutter’s Mill in 1848. Elsewhere, gold rushes happened in Australia in 1851, South Africa in 1884 and in Canada in 1897.  
The rise of a gold standard was meant to stabilize the global economy, dictating that a nation must limit its issued currency to the amount of gold it held in reserve. Great Britain was the first to adopt the gold standard in 1821, followed, in the 1870s, by the rest of Europe followed. The system remained in effect until the end of the first world war, after which the US was the only country still honoring the Gold Standard. After the war, other countries were allowed to keep reserves of major currencies instead of gold. The arrival of the great depression marked the end of the U.S. export of gold in the 1930s. By mid 20th century, the US dollar had replaced gold in international trade.
The American Eagle Bullion program was launched in 1986 with the sale of gold and silver bullion coins. Platinum was added to the American Eagle Bullion family in 1997. A bullion coin is a coin that is valued by its weight in a specific precious metal.

• Marcadores de Tiempo

The third millennium BC, second millennium BC, in the 7th century AD, third century AD, in 1848, in the 1870s, mid 20th century.

• Idea general del párrafo

El texto narra la historia o los antecedentes históricos de oro, desde el primer descubrimiento que ha simbolizado la riqueza y el poder hasta la obsesión en los hombres y las naciones, razon por la cual destruyó algunas culturas y se les dio poder a otros, se habla acerca de excavaciones arqueológicas, estudios realizados donde reflejan el uso del oro en el Medio Oriente , Las piezas más antiguas de la joyería de oro joyería egipcia fueron encontrados en la tumba de la reina Zer y el de Pu-abi de Ur en Sumeria, A través de los siglos, la mayoría de las tumbas egipcias fueron allanadas, pero la tumba de Tutankamón fue descubierta por los arqueólogos modernos no perturbado. Dentro de la mayor colección de joyas de oro y en el mundo se encontró e incluyó un ataúd de oro cuya calidad mostró el avanzado estado de la artesanía egipcia y orfebrería (segundo milenio antes de Cristo).
El surgimiento de un patrón de oro estaba destinado a estabilizar la economía mundial, que dictan que una nación debe limitar su moneda emitida a la cantidad de oro que tenía en reserva. Gran Bretaña fue el primero en adoptar el patrón oro en 1821, seguido, en la década de 1870, por el resto de Europa siguió. El sistema se mantuvo en vigor hasta el final de la primera guerra mundial, después de lo cual los EE.UU. fue el único país que sigue en honor al patrón oro. Después de la guerra, otros países se les permitió mantener las reservas de las principales monedas en lugar de oro.

UNIDAD IV (ACTIVIDAD REALIZADA EN CLASES)

El siguiente trabajo fue realizado en equipo, en compañia de los compañeros, Lenmar Badell, Rafael Riera, Alejandro Castro y Carlos Martinez. 


Metals

Marcadores de definición:A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals.


In chemistry, a metal (from Greek "μέταλλον" – métallon, "mine"[1]) is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called metallic bonds.[2]


Definition


Metals are sometimes described as an arrangement of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. They are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and non-metals.


Metals occupy the bulk of the periodic table, while non-metallic elements can only be found on the right-hand-side of the Periodic Table of the Elements. A diagonal line, drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po), separates the metals from the nonmetals. Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semiconductors. This is because these elements exhibit electrical properties common to both conductors and insulators. Elements to the lower left of this division line are called metals, while elements to the upper right of the division line are called nonmetals.


An alternative definition of metal refers to the band theory. If one fills the energy bands of a material with available electrons and ends up with a top band partly filled then the material is a metal. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices. These synthetic materials often have the characteristic silvery gray reflectiveness (luster) of elemental metals.


Using Metals in Astronomy


In the specialized usage of astronomy and astrophysics, the term "metal" is often used to refer collectively to all elements other than hydrogen or helium, including substances as chemically non-metallic as neon, fluorine, and oxygen. Nearly all the hydrogen and helium in the Universe was created in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, whereas all the "metals" were produced by nucleosynthesis in stars or supernovae. The Sun and the Milky Way Galaxy are composed of roughly 74% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 2% "metals" (the rest of the elements; atomic numbers 3–118) by mass.[3]


The concept of a metal in the usual chemical sense is irrelevant in stars, as the chemical bonds that give elements their properties cannot exist at stellar temperatures.


Palabras de definicion: is, are, discribed as, this is, refers to,  is a, was.


Idea principal del texto:


El texto explica la deficion de los metales, se muestran sus elementos y como esta compuesta esa aleacion, asi como tambien el uso quese le puede dar en la astronomia.


Marcadores de tiempo:
 
HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
An evolution of mobile phones 
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.
 
The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, using the Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 pounds (36 kg), and the AT&T service, basically a massive party line, cost $30 USD per month (equal to $337.33 today) plus $.30 to $.40 per local call, equal to $3.37 to $4.5 today.


In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. In 1971, the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.
 
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.[7]

The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

In 2001, the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.


Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, the first wireless charger was released for consumer use.

On 17 February 2009, the GSM Association (GSMA), together with 17 mobile phone manufacturers and providers, announced[16] their commitment to implementing a cross-industry standard for a universal charging solution for new mobile phones. 

In October 2009, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution standard - based on the OMTP specifications promoted by the GSMA - as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating — up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[19]

In 2009, many mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most new data-enabled cell phones marketed in the EU compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS).
In 2006, the People's Republic of China issued a standard for mobile device power supplies (based on a 5V Power Supply with a USB-A receptacle and a detachable cable). The 2006 regulation is flexible regarding the interface on the mobile phone itself, allowing for the use of adapter cables if the mobile device is not equipped with a standard USB connector.[23] The standard was revised in December, 2009 (CCSA YD/T 1591-2006 updated to YD/T 1591-2009).

Taller Unidades 1 y 2

A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before."

Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.

The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous.

The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.

Some 20th century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among historians. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants

     3 Palabras desconocidas:

• Spread: Extender (vt) [Funcion]
• Behavior: Comportamiento (N) [Funcion] 
• Coal: Carbón (n) [Contenido]

2. Idea principal del texto (en español)

El texto seleccionado abarca informacion relevante a la Revolucion Industrial, la cual fue comprendida entre el siglo 18 y 19 donde hubo cambios importantes en la agricultura, manufactura, minería, transporte, y la tecnología teniendo un efecto profundo en las condiciones socioeconómicas y culturales de la época. la misma se inició en el Reino Unido y posteriormente se propagó por toda Europa, América del Norte, y finalmente en el resto del mundo. La revolución industrial tuvo un gran impacto en la historia humana, alterando la cotidianidad de la vida,  En palabras del Premio Nobel Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "Por primera vez en la historia, el nivel de vida de las masas de la gente común ha comenzado a experimentar un crecimiento sostenido. ... No hay nada remotamente parecido a este comportamiento económico que ha sucedido antes ". Todo comenzó con la mecanización de la industria textil, el desarrollo de técnicas de fabricación del hierro y el mayor uso de carbón refinado. La expansión del comercio fue posible gracias a la introducción de canales, mejora de las carreteras y vías ferreas, la introducción de la energía de vapor alimentadas principalmente por carbón, una utilización más amplia de ruedas hidráulicas y maquinaria de alimentación (principalmente en la fabricación de textiles) fue la base del espectacular aumento de la capacidad de producción, demostrando así un gran impacto en la sociedad, algunos historiadores del siglo 20, como John Clapham y Nicolás Crafts han argumentado que el proceso de cambio económico y social se llevó a cabo poco a poco y el término revolución es un nombre inapropiado.

3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria):

• Palabras de contenido: Coal, income. 
• Palabras de Función: Spread, Behavior.
• Verbos: was, spread
• Adverbio: mainly, broadly
• Adjetivo: Some, major
• Artículo: the, a
• Preposiciones: in, by
• Conjunción: while, For
• Cognados verdaderos: Industrial, period 
• Cognados Falsos: [varies=varios= varía] [labour=labor=Mano de obra]
• Sufijo: population, historians
• Prefijos: unprecedented, underpinned

B. Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)

1. (The Industrial Revolutión) (was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times)

Frase nominal: The Industrial Revolutión.

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal : Revolutión
2. premodificadores:The Industrial   
3. postmodificadores:

Frase verbal: Was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. 

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal:was   
2. Tiempo verbal: Pasado Simple.

2.  It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries

Frase nominal:It

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal : it
2. premodificadores:   
3. postmodificadores:

 Frase verbal: started with the mechanisation of the textile industries 

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal: started with the mechanisation of the textile industries  
2. Tiempo verbal: Pasado Simple.

UNIDAD 3: APROXIMACIÓN AL TEXTO (PREDICCIÓN, DEDUCCIÓN, SKIMMING)

Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen

Management Skills Pyramid

To be successful, there are many skills a manager needs to master. I adapted Kammy Hatnes' pyramid structure to show the increasingly difficult management skills you must master at each level and to also display how these management skills build on each other to help you achieve success in your management career. The result is the Management Skills Pyramid shown here. Each level of the Management Skills Pyramid is listed below and is discussed in more detail on the linked pages.

The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 1:

Level 1 of the Management Skills Pyramid shows the basic skills a manager must master just to get the job done. These are the fundamentals of the management job:

• Plan
• Organize
• Direct
• Control

The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 2:
After you have mastered the basic skills in level 1, you need to move on and develop your skills on Level 2 of the Management Skills Pyramid. These are the management skills that you use to develop your staff. There are many specific skills required, and these are discussed in Level 2 of the Management Skills Pyramid, but they are grouped into these categories:

• Motivation
• Training and Coaching
• Employee Involvement

The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 3
When you have become skilled in developing your staff, it's time to focus on Level 3 of the Management Skills Pyramid, improving your own development. These management skills are grouped as:

• Self Management and
• Time Management

Time management gets its own category because it is so important to your success in all the other skills.

The Management Skills Pyramid, Top Level
The peak of the Management Skills Pyramid, the single skill that will help you the most in developing success in your management career, is leadership. As you develop your skill as a leader, as you make the transition from manager to leader, you will achieve the success you truly want in your management career.

The Management Skills Pyramid (c) 2009 F. John Reh

Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas:         

• De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

El topico esta relacionado con la Piramide de Gestion y Habilidades para un buen Administrador. 

• ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

La idea principal se basa en enseñar cuales son las habilidades que debe tener un buen administrador para optimizar su gestión, la estructura piramidal Kammy Hatnes es usada para ejercer un gran exito en su carrera, la misma viene representada por 3 niveles

• Fundamentos de Administración de Trabajos.
• Habilidades de Gestion que se Utilizan Para Desarrollar su Personal.
• Mejora de su Propio Desarrollo.

Tambien se indica que lo mas importante sin duda alguna es el liderazgo en el desarrollo de gestión de la carrera.

• Que palabras se repiten?

SKILLS, PYRAMID, MASTER, MANAGMENT

• Que palabras se parecen al español?

Basic, Fundamentals, Plan, Pyramid, Categories.

• Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

Management Skills Pyramid, The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 1, The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 2, The Management Skills Pyramid, Level 3, The Management Skills Pyramid, Top Level.

• De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.

El texto ofrece informacion relevante en cuanto a las habilidades que un administrador debe dominar para tener exito, la piramide muestra la capacidad de gestion que debe dominar en cada uno de los niveles para ayudarle a alcanzar el exito en sus funciones, liderazgo es el fundamento principal para lograr el exito total.

UNIDAD 2: ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACIÓN

En esta unidad se procederá a realizar una serie de ejercicio los cuales nos ayudaran a descifrar de manera correcta, las siguientes estructuras: 

• frases nominales, núcleo de las frases nominales, pre-modificadoras, post-modificadoras. 
• frases verbales, núcleo de las frases verbales y tiempo de la oración.   

EJERCICIO:


1.- Seleccione un texto en ingles relacionado con tu campo de experticia:

TECHNOLOGY

Technology, is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose. The word technology comes fromGreek τεχνολογία (technología); from τέχνη (téchnē), meaning "art, skill, craft", and -λογία (-logía), meaning "study of-".^[1] The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology.

Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including theprinting press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communicationand allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.

2. Idea principal del texto en español:

El texto nos habla acerca de la tecnología y el impacto que esta ha tenido para el desarrollo de la vida humana, facilitando de esta forma , medio de transportes y formas de subsistir mediante el uso del fuego y formas de comunicación, disminuyendo las barreras, también señala el uso de la tecnología para usos destructivos, como es el caso de creaciones de armas nucleares, por otra parte el desarrollo tecnológico ha contribuido al desarrollo o avance de la economía global de hoy en día, en general la tecnología nos ha ayudado a avanzar y a desarrollar muchos procesos superando una diversidad de expectativas.   

3.- Selecciona tres (3) oraciones e indica:

•  Frase Nominal, Pre, Post modificadores y núcleo.
•  Frase verbal, núcleo.
• 
  

   Tiempo verbal de la oración.

3.1 The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. 

FN:  The human species' use of technology

PRE-M: The human species

POST-M: of technology

NÚCLEO: use

FV: began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. 

NFV:  began

TIEMPO VERBAL: Pasado simple

3.2 In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class

FN: In many societies, technology has helped

PRE-M: In many societies

POST-M: has helped

NÚCLEO: technology

FV: Develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class

NFV: Develop

TIEMPO VERBAL: Presente simple.

3.3 Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions

FN: Various implementations of technology

PRE-M: Variou

POST-M: of technology

NÚCLEO: implementations

FV: Influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions

NFV: Influence

TIEMPO VERBAL: Presente simple.

4.- Dos (2) ejemplos de elementos referenciales:

Pronombres demostrativos: The

Conector: Is

Unidad 1. Uso Apropiado Del Diccionario

En esta unidad se usara apropiadamente el diccionario bilingüe y monolingüe, como una habilidad de búsqueda de textos necesarios para la comprensión de párrafos en inglés.


1. Ejercicio:

The Purpose of a Project Quality Plan

Quality can be defined as meeting the customer's expectations or exceeding the customer expectations achieved by way of deliverables and/or activities performed to produce those deliverables.

Project Quality Plan can be defined as a set of activities planned at the beginning of the project that helps achieve Quality in the Project being executed. The Purpose of the Project Quality Plan is to define these activities / tasks that intends to deliver products while focussing on achieveing customer's quality expectations. These activities / tasks are defined on the basis of the quality standards set by the organization delivering the product.

Project Quality Plan identifies which Quality Standards are relevant to the project and determines how can they be satisfied. It includes the implementation of Quality Events (peer reviews, checklist execution) by using various Quality Materials (templates, standards, checklists) available within the organization.The holding of the Quality Event is termed as Quality Control. As an output of the various activities, Quality Metrics or Measurements are captured which assist in continuous improvement of Quality thus adding to the inventory of Lessons Learned. Quality Assurance deals in preparation of the Quality Plan and formation of organization wide standards.

5 Palabras Nuevas:

·                     Customer´s:  Clientes. Sust. (n) [Contenido]

·                     Achieved: Logrado. Sust. (v.t) [Función]

·                     Being:  Ser. Sust. (N) [Función]

·                     Focussing: Enfoque. Sust. (N) [Función]

·                     Basis: Base. Sust. (N) [Función]

Categorias Lexicales:

Sustantivos: Customer´s, Being.

Adjetivos: Continuous, Wide.

Verbos: Can, Identifies.

Conjución: While, Thus.

Preposiciones: at the beginning, to define, to the inventory, to the project.

Articulos: The, a.

Prefijo: 

Sufijo: available, deliverables

Cognado Falsos: Evento  Event = Acontecimiento.

Cognados verdaderos: Activities = Actividades, Project =Proyecto, Products = Productos.

Idea Principal Del Texto

El texto seleccionado abarca información referente al propósito de un plan de calidad para un proyecto de entregas, donde calidad es definida como satisfacer las necesidades del cliente o superar sus expectativas en cuanto a entregas o actividades realizadas para producir dichas entregas, por otro lado se explica el plan de calidad como el conjunto de actividades previstas en el comienzo del  proyecto que ayuda a lograr la calidad del mismo para el momento de su ejecución, y el propósito del proyecto es definir cada actividad o tarea que tiene la intención de entregar productos, mientras que logran superar las expectativas de calidad de los clientes, estas actividades y tareas se definen sobre bases de las normas de calidad establecidas por la organización acerca de la entrega del producto, las normas de calidad son pertinentes para el proyecto, identifica y determina como pueden estar satisfechos los clientes, el plan incluye la ejecución de eventos de calidad, (exámenes, ejecución de la lista de comprobación) mediante el uso de diversos materiales de calidad (plantillas, normas, lista de comprobación disponibles en la organización.